Crowd as a Fire Risk Multiplier in Underground Heritage Sites
Underground heritage spaces — caves, crypts, rock-cut churches, historic mines — share a spatial characteristic that makes crowd risk qualitatively...
Stefano Marsella
Stefano Marsella is a Fire Safety Engineer with extensive experience in mass evacuation and the fire safety of cultural heritage sites
Micro-sensor networks for heritage fire protection: designing early warning systems without compromising historic buildings
This article examines distributed IoT-based sensor networks, referred to herein as "sensor networks." These systems, which typically comprise low-cost micro-sensors,...
From Vineyards to Vaults: How Managed Landscapes Can Help Protect Cultural Heritage in a Warming Mediterranean
According to available reporting, more than one million hectares burned across the EU in 2025. That figure underlines how climate-driven...
The Vulnerability of the “Open Door”: Managing Intentional Fires in Public Heritage Spaces
A concerning pattern has emerged in the protection of Cultural Heritage—the increase of opportunistic arson. Perhaps most telling is the...
Forensic Engineering in Ancient Rome: Analyzing the 64 AD Fire through Archaeology
By Stefano Marsella Fire Safety Engineer | Adjunct Professor of Territorial Emergency Management, Università Campus Biomedico di Roma Introduction Synthesizing...
Fire Effects on Heritage Stone: Temperature Thresholds and Assessment
Introduction Stone has long been considered one of the most fire-resistant building materials in architectural history, providing inherent protection to...
